this study aims at discovering whether university entrance exam (uee), a high-stake selection test in iran, influences the high school and pre-university efl teachers` methodology and test development. the participants of this study included thirty high school and pre-university efl teachers who were randomly selected from ten different schools. to answer the research questions, five types of m...

Abstract: The widespread use of test scores for different educational and social decision making purposes has made the washback effect of tests a distinct educational phenomenon (Cheng, 1997).The high school third grade final exam in the general educational system of Iran has for long been a high stake test designed to assess the achievement of high school graduates in different school subjects...

A fundamental combinatorial notion related to the dynamics of the Ouroboros proof-of-stake blockchain protocol is that of a forkable string. The original analysis of the protocol [2] established that the probability that a string of length n is forkable, when drawn from a binomial distribution with parameter (1 − )/2, is exp(−Ω(√n)). In this note we provide an improved estimate of exp(−Ω(n)). D...

The paper examines decentralized cryptocurrency protocols that are based on the use of internal tokens as identity tools. An analysis of security problems with popular Proof-of-stake consensus protocols is provided. A new protocol, Interactive Proof-of-Stake, is proposed. The main ideas of the protocol are to reduce a number of variables a miner can iterate over to a minimum and also to bring a...

Most of the validation studies conducted across varying test application contexts are usually framed within the traditional conceptualization of validity and therefore lack a comprehensive framework to focus on test score interpretations and test score use. This study aimed at developing and validating a collocational behavior test (CBT), drawing on Kane's argument-based approach to validity. F...